POWER MISUSE: AN ANTECEDENT FOR WORKPLACE BULLYING
<doi>10.24250/jpe/1/2021/UCO/MPOI
Keywords:
Keywords: Workplace bullying, power misuse, health issues, work stress, interpersonal conflict, aggression.Abstract
ABSTRACT
Workplace bullying often involves an abuse or misuse of power. Bullying includes behavior that intimidates, degrades, offends or humiliates a worker, often in front of others. Bullying behavior creates feelings of defenselessness in the target and undermines an individual’s right to dignity at work. Workplace bullying represents persistent behaviors that are both overt and covert. Indeed, as a phenomenon, workplace bullying is now better understood with reasonably consistent research findings in relation to its prevalence; its negative effects on targets, bystanders and organizational effectiveness; and some of its likely antecedents. Workplace bullying is a problem facing employees and employers in Africa, however little has been said about. This paper is aimed at shedding an insight into the contemporary concept and to discuss the role that power relations play in this type of unethical behavior at work. Drawing on well-established theories and findings of various researchers, the concept of workplace bullying is systematically linked with how it can evolve into mental health problems. Since this concept is relatively new in Nigeria, the paper aims at creating an awareness of a social problem at work. It is believed that this paper will stem up further interest in the area and future empirical research will be reported.
References
References
Agervold, M. (2007). Bullying at work: A discussion of definitions and prevalence based on empirical study. Scand. J. Psychol., 48, 161-172.
Agervold, M., & Mikkelsen, E.G. (2004). Relationships between bullying, psychological work environment and individual stress reactions. Work Stress, 18(4), 336-351.
Aquino, K., & Thau, S. (2009). Workplace victimization: Aggression from the target’s perspective. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 60, 717-741.
Ayoko, O.B., Callan, V.J., & Hartel, C.E. (2003). Workplace conflict, bullying and counterproductive behaviours. Int. J. Organ. Anal., 11(4), 283-301.
Baron, R.A., & Neuman, J.H. (1996). Workplace violence and workplace aggression: Evidence on their relative frequency and potential causes. Aggress. Behav. 22, 161-173.
Bowling, N.A., & Beehr, T.A. (2006). Workplace harassment from the victims perspective: A theoretical model and metal-analysis. J. Appl. Psychol., 91(5), 998-1012.
Branch, S. (2013). Contributing factors to workplace bullying, mobbing and general harassment: A review. Int. J. Manage Rev. 15, 290-299.
Cooper, C.L., Dewe, P.J., & O’Driscoll, M.P. (2001). Organizational stress: A review and critique of theory, research and applications. California: Sage Publications.
Coyne, I., Seigne, E., & Randall, P. (2000). Predicting workplace victim status from personality. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol., 9(3), 335-349.
Dahl, A.A., Eitinger, L., Malt, U.F., & Retterstol, N. (1994). Textbook in psychiatry. London: Oslo University Press.
Einarsen, S., & Skogstad, A. (1996). Bullying at work: Epidemiological findings in public and private organizations. Eur. J. Work Organ.
Einarsen, S., & Raknes, B.I. (1997). Harassment in the workplace and the victimization of men. Violence Victims, 12(3), 247-263.
Einarsen, S. (1999). The nature and causes of bullying at work. Int. J. Manpower, 20(1-2), 16-28.
Einarsen, S. (2000a). Harassment and bullying at work: A review of the scandinavian approach. aggress. Violent Behav., 5(4), 379-401.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D. & Cooper, C. (2003). The concept of bullying at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (eds.) Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. Dev. Theory Res. Pract. pp. 1-30.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D. & Cooper, C. (2011). The concept of bullying and harassment at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (eds.). Bullying and harassment in the workplace. Dev. Theory Res. Pract., pp. 3-40.
Escartin, J., Ullrich, J., Zapf, D., Schluter, E., & Dick, R.V. (2013). Individual and group level effects of social identification on workplace bullying. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(2), 182 – 193.
Feijo, F.R., Graf, D.D., Pearce, N., & Fassa, A.G. (2019). Risk factors for workplace bullying: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1 – 25.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punishment: The birth of the prison. Harmondsworth: Penguin Book Ltd.
Fox, S., & Spector, P.E. (1999). A model of work frustration – aggression. J. Organ Behav., 20, 915-931.
French, J., & Raven, B. (1959). The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright (ed.). Studies in social power. Michigan: University of Michigan, pp. 150-167.
Hackman, J.R., & Oldham, G.R. (1980). Work redesign addison. London: Wesley Reading.
Hallberg, L.R., & Strandmark, K.M. (2006). Health consequences of workplace Bullying: Experiences from the perspective of employees in the public service sector. Int. J. Qual. Stud. Health Wellbeing, 1, 109-119.
Haq, M.R., Zai-ud-Din, M., & Rajvi, S. (2018). The impact of workplace bullying on employee cynicism with mediating role of psychological contract. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 8(8), 127 – 137.
Hoel, H. (2006). The limits of regulations: Assessing the effectiveness of the Swedish regulations against workplace bullying. Paper Presented at the Fifth International Conference on Workplace Bullying. Workplace Bullying – The Way Forward.
Howard, J., Blumstein, P., & Schwartz, P. (1989). Sex, power and influence tactics in intimate relationships. J. Pers. Soc. Psy., 15, 102-109.
Jehn, K.A. (1995). A multi-method examination of the benefits and detriments of intra-group conflict. Adm. Sci. Q., 40(2), 256-284.
Jex, S.M. (2002). Organizational psychology: A scientist-practitioner approach. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Katrinli, A., Atabay, G., Cangarli, B.G., & Gunay, G. (2010). Perceived effectiveness of bullying behaviour as organizational political tactics. Paper Presented at the 23rd Annual International Association of Conflict Management Conference Bosten, Massachusetts.
Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D., & Anderson, C. (2003). Power, approach and inhibition. Psy. Rev., 110, 265-284.
Kemper, T. (1991). Predicting emotions from social relations. Soc. Psychol. Q., 54, 330-342.
Large, A.H., Taris, T.W., Kompier, M.A., Houtman, I.D., & Bongers, P.M. (2005). Different mechanisms to explain the reversed effects of mental health on work characteristics. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 31(1), 3-14.
Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
Lewis, D. (2002). The social construction of workplace bullying: A sociological study with special reference to further and higher education. Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Wales.
Lewis, D., & Gunn, R. (2007). Workplace bullying in the public sector: Understanding the racial dimension. Pub. Adm. 85(3), 641-665.
Leymann, H. (1990). Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Vio. Vic., 5, 199-226.
Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of bullying at work. Eur. J. Work. Organ. Psychol., 5(2), 165-184.
Leymann, H., & Gustafsson, A. (1996). Mobbing at work and the development of post-traumatic stress disorders. Eur. J. Work. Organ. Psychol., 5(2), 251-275.
Logan, T.R., & Malone, D.M. (2018). Nurses’ perceptions of teamwork and workplace bullying. Journal of Nursing Management, 26(4), 63 – 77.
Matthiesen, S., & Einarsen, S. (2001). MMP1-2-configurations among victims of bullying at work. Eur. J. Work. Organ. Psychol., 10, 467-484.
Matthiesen, S., & Einarsen, S. (2007). Perpetrators and targets of bullying at work: Role stress and individual differences. Vio. Vic., 22, 735-753.
Mechanic, D. (2003). Sources of power of lowe participants in complex organizations. In: L. Porter, H. Angle and R. Allen (eds.). Organizational influence processes. London: M.E. Sharpe.
Mikkelsen, E.G., & Einarsen, S. (2002). Basic assumptions and post-traumatic stress among victims of workplace bullying. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol., 11(1), 87-111.
Moskowitz, D.S. (1994). Cross-situational generality and the interpersonal circumplex. J. Per. Soc. Psychol., 66, 921-933.
Moskowitz, D.S. (2004). Does elevated power lead to approach and reduced power to inhibition? Psychol. Rev., 111, 808-811.
Namie, G. (2003). Workplace bullying: Escalated incivility. Ivey. Bus. J.,3, 1-6.
Nel, E.C. (2019). The impact of workplace bullying on flourishing: The moderating role of emotional intelligence. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 45, 236 – 245.
Nieson, M.B., Indregard, A.R., & Overland, S. (2016). Workplace bullying and sickness absence: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the research literature. Scand J. Work Environ Health, 42(5), 359 – 370.
Owen, T., & Powell, J. (2006). Trust, professional power and social theory: Lessons from a post foucauldian framework. Int. J. Soc. Pol., 26(3), 110-120.
Owoyemi, O.A. (2010). From school yard to work yard – workplace bullying: An undiagnosed social problem in workplaces in Nigeria. Nigeria: University of Lagos.
Owoyemi, O.A., & Seyi, S. (2010). Power misuse: An antecedent for unethical behaviour at work with reference to workplace bullying and harassment. Hum. Res. Mgt. J., 2(2), 65-83.
Palmer, I., & Hardy, C. (2002). Thinking about management: Implications of organizational debates for practice. London: Sage Publications.
Porter, L., Allen, R., & Angle, H. (2003). The politics of upward influence in organizations. In: L. Porter, H., Angle, H. & Allen, R. (eds.). Organizational influence processe. London: M.E. Sharpe.
Quine, L. (1999). Workplace bullying in NHS community trust: Staff questionnaire survey. Bri. Med. J., 318, 228-232.
Rayner, C., & Hoel, H. (1997). Summary review of literature relating to workplace bullying. J. Commun. Appl. Soc. Psychol., 7, 181-191.
Razzaghian, M., & Shah, A. (2011). Prevalence, antecedents and effects of workplace bullying: A review. Afr. J. Bus. Mgt., 5(35), 13419-13427.
Rose, M. (1988). Industrial behaviour: research and control, penguin business. London: M.E. Sharpe.
Salin, D. (2003). Bullying and organizational politics in competitive and rapidly changing work environments. Int. J. Mgt. Dec. Mak., 4(1), 35-46.
Sandmark, H. (2009). Job mismatching, unequal opportunities and long-term sickness absence in female white-collar workers in Sweden. Scand. J. Pub. Health, 37, 43-49.
Sheehan, M. (2006). The fight at eureka stockade: Down with the tyrant an’ bully. A Paper Presented at the Inaugural Professorial Lecture, Glasmorgan Business School.
Sheehan, M., & Jordan, P. (2000). The antecedents and implications of workplace bullying: A bounded emotionality analysis. Paper Presented at the AGRH Congress. Paris 16th – 17th November.
Spector, P.E. (1978). Organizational frustration: A model and review of literature. Pers. Psychol., 31, 815-829.
Tehrani, N. (2004). Bullying: A source of chronic post-traumatic stress? Brit. J. of Guid & Couns., 32(3), 357-366.
Thirlwall, A. (2015). Organizational sequestering of workplace bullying: Adding insult to injury. Journal of Management & Organization, 21(2), 145 – 158.
Thomas, M. (2005). Bullying among support staff in a higher education institution health education. Health Educ. 105(4), 273-277.
Thompson, P., & McHugh, D. (2002). Work organizations: A critical introduction. London: palgrave.
Turney, L. (2003). Mental health and workplace bullying: The role of power, professions and on the job training. Aus. J. Adv. Ment. Health. 2(2), 1-10.
Vartia, M. (1996). The sources of bullying-psychological work environment and organizational climate. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol., 5(2), 203-214.
Vartia, M. (2001). Consequences of workplace bullying with respect to well-being of its targets and the observers of bullying. Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health. 27, 63-69.
Vartia, M. (2003). Workplace bullying: A study on the work environment, well-being and health. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Helsinki University.
Vega, G., & Comer, D.R. (2005). Sticks and stones may break bones, but words can break your spirit: Bullying in workplace. J. Bus. Ethics. 58, 101-109.
Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, C.B. (1991). U.S. businesses suffers from workplace trauma. Pers. J., 5, 47-50.
Winter, G. (1999). The power motive in women and men. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 54, 510-519.
Yukl, G. (1989). Leadership in organization. Englewood Cliff: N.J. Prentice Hall.
Zapf, D., & Einarsen, S. (2003). Individual antecedents of bullying: Victims and perpetrators. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (eds.). Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. London: Taylor and Francis, 165-184.
Zapf, D., & Einarsen, S. (2005). Mobbing at work: escalated conflicts in organizations. In S. Fox & P.E. Spector (eds.). Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets. American Psychological Association. Washington, DC., 237-270.
References
Agervold, M. (2007). Bullying at work: A discussion of definitions and prevalence based on empirical study. Scand. J. Psychol., 48, 161-172.
Agervold, M., & Mikkelsen, E.G. (2004). Relationships between bullying, psychological work environment and individual stress reactions. Work Stress, 18(4), 336-351.
Aquino, K., & Thau, S. (2009). Workplace victimization: Aggression from the target’s perspective. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 60, 717-741.
Ayoko, O.B., Callan, V.J., & Hartel, C.E. (2003). Workplace conflict, bullying and counterproductive behaviours. Int. J. Organ. Anal., 11(4), 283-301.
Baron, R.A., & Neuman, J.H. (1996). Workplace violence and workplace aggression: Evidence on their relative frequency and potential causes. Aggress. Behav. 22, 161-173.
Bowling, N.A., & Beehr, T.A. (2006). Workplace harassment from the victims perspective: A theoretical model and metal-analysis. J. Appl. Psychol., 91(5), 998-1012.
Branch, S. (2013). Contributing factors to workplace bullying, mobbing and general harassment: A review. Int. J. Manage Rev. 15, 290-299.
Cooper, C.L., Dewe, P.J., & O’Driscoll, M.P. (2001). Organizational stress: A review and critique of theory, research and applications. California: Sage Publications.
Coyne, I., Seigne, E., & Randall, P. (2000). Predicting workplace victim status from personality. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol., 9(3), 335-349.
Dahl, A.A., Eitinger, L., Malt, U.F., & Retterstol, N. (1994). Textbook in psychiatry. London: Oslo University Press.
Einarsen, S., & Skogstad, A. (1996). Bullying at work: Epidemiological findings in public and private organizations. Eur. J. Work Organ.
Einarsen, S., & Raknes, B.I. (1997). Harassment in the workplace and the victimization of men. Violence Victims, 12(3), 247-263.
Einarsen, S. (1999). The nature and causes of bullying at work. Int. J. Manpower, 20(1-2), 16-28.
Einarsen, S. (2000a). Harassment and bullying at work: A review of the scandinavian approach. aggress. Violent Behav., 5(4), 379-401.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D. & Cooper, C. (2003). The concept of bullying at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (eds.) Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. Dev. Theory Res. Pract. pp. 1-30.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D. & Cooper, C. (2011). The concept of bullying and harassment at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (eds.). Bullying and harassment in the workplace. Dev. Theory Res. Pract., pp. 3-40.
Escartin, J., Ullrich, J., Zapf, D., Schluter, E., & Dick, R.V. (2013). Individual and group level effects of social identification on workplace bullying. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(2), 182 – 193.
Feijo, F.R., Graf, D.D., Pearce, N., & Fassa, A.G. (2019). Risk factors for workplace bullying: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1 – 25.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punishment: The birth of the prison. Harmondsworth: Penguin Book Ltd.
Fox, S., & Spector, P.E. (1999). A model of work frustration – aggression. J. Organ Behav., 20, 915-931.
French, J., & Raven, B. (1959). The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright (ed.). Studies in social power. Michigan: University of Michigan, pp. 150-167.
Hackman, J.R., & Oldham, G.R. (1980). Work redesign addison. London: Wesley Reading.
Hallberg, L.R., & Strandmark, K.M. (2006). Health consequences of workplace Bullying: Experiences from the perspective of employees in the public service sector. Int. J. Qual. Stud. Health Wellbeing, 1, 109-119.
Haq, M.R., Zai-ud-Din, M., & Rajvi, S. (2018). The impact of workplace bullying on employee cynicism with mediating role of psychological contract. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 8(8), 127 – 137.
Hoel, H. (2006). The limits of regulations: Assessing the effectiveness of the Swedish regulations against workplace bullying. Paper Presented at the Fifth International Conference on Workplace Bullying. Workplace Bullying – The Way Forward.
Howard, J., Blumstein, P., & Schwartz, P. (1989). Sex, power and influence tactics in intimate relationships. J. Pers. Soc. Psy., 15, 102-109.
Jehn, K.A. (1995). A multi-method examination of the benefits and detriments of intra-group conflict. Adm. Sci. Q., 40(2), 256-284.
Jex, S.M. (2002). Organizational psychology: A scientist-practitioner approach. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Katrinli, A., Atabay, G., Cangarli, B.G., & Gunay, G. (2010). Perceived effectiveness of bullying behaviour as organizational political tactics. Paper Presented at the 23rd Annual International Association of Conflict Management Conference Bosten, Massachusetts.
Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D., & Anderson, C. (2003). Power, approach and inhibition. Psy. Rev., 110, 265-284.
Kemper, T. (1991). Predicting emotions from social relations. Soc. Psychol. Q., 54, 330-342.
Large, A.H., Taris, T.W., Kompier, M.A., Houtman, I.D., & Bongers, P.M. (2005). Different mechanisms to explain the reversed effects of mental health on work characteristics. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 31(1), 3-14.
Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
Lewis, D. (2002). The social construction of workplace bullying: A sociological study with special reference to further and higher education. Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Wales.
Lewis, D., & Gunn, R. (2007). Workplace bullying in the public sector: Understanding the racial dimension. Pub. Adm. 85(3), 641-665.
Leymann, H. (1990). Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Vio. Vic., 5, 199-226.
Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of bullying at work. Eur. J. Work. Organ. Psychol., 5(2), 165-184.
Leymann, H., & Gustafsson, A. (1996). Mobbing at work and the development of post-traumatic stress disorders. Eur. J. Work. Organ. Psychol., 5(2), 251-275.
Logan, T.R., & Malone, D.M. (2018). Nurses’ perceptions of teamwork and workplace bullying. Journal of Nursing Management, 26(4), 63 – 77.
Matthiesen, S., & Einarsen, S. (2001). MMP1-2-configurations among victims of bullying at work. Eur. J. Work. Organ. Psychol., 10, 467-484.
Matthiesen, S., & Einarsen, S. (2007). Perpetrators and targets of bullying at work: Role stress and individual differences. Vio. Vic., 22, 735-753.
Mechanic, D. (2003). Sources of power of lowe participants in complex organizations. In: L. Porter, H. Angle and R. Allen (eds.). Organizational influence processes. London: M.E. Sharpe.
Mikkelsen, E.G., & Einarsen, S. (2002). Basic assumptions and post-traumatic stress among victims of workplace bullying. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol., 11(1), 87-111.
Moskowitz, D.S. (1994). Cross-situational generality and the interpersonal circumplex. J. Per. Soc. Psychol., 66, 921-933.
Moskowitz, D.S. (2004). Does elevated power lead to approach and reduced power to inhibition? Psychol. Rev., 111, 808-811.
Namie, G. (2003). Workplace bullying: Escalated incivility. Ivey. Bus. J.,3, 1-6.
Nel, E.C. (2019). The impact of workplace bullying on flourishing: The moderating role of emotional intelligence. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 45, 236 – 245.
Nieson, M.B., Indregard, A.R., & Overland, S. (2016). Workplace bullying and sickness absence: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the research literature. Scand J. Work Environ Health, 42(5), 359 – 370.
Owen, T., & Powell, J. (2006). Trust, professional power and social theory: Lessons from a post foucauldian framework. Int. J. Soc. Pol., 26(3), 110-120.
Owoyemi, O.A. (2010). From school yard to work yard – workplace bullying: An undiagnosed social problem in workplaces in Nigeria. Nigeria: University of Lagos.
Owoyemi, O.A., & Seyi, S. (2010). Power misuse: An antecedent for unethical behaviour at work with reference to workplace bullying and harassment. Hum. Res. Mgt. J., 2(2), 65-83.
Palmer, I., & Hardy, C. (2002). Thinking about management: Implications of organizational debates for practice. London: Sage Publications.
Porter, L., Allen, R., & Angle, H. (2003). The politics of upward influence in organizations. In: L. Porter, H., Angle, H. & Allen, R. (eds.). Organizational influence processe. London: M.E. Sharpe.
Quine, L. (1999). Workplace bullying in NHS community trust: Staff questionnaire survey. Bri. Med. J., 318, 228-232.
Rayner, C., & Hoel, H. (1997). Summary review of literature relating to workplace bullying. J. Commun. Appl. Soc. Psychol., 7, 181-191.
Razzaghian, M., & Shah, A. (2011). Prevalence, antecedents and effects of workplace bullying: A review. Afr. J. Bus. Mgt., 5(35), 13419-13427.
Rose, M. (1988). Industrial behaviour: research and control, penguin business. London: M.E. Sharpe.
Salin, D. (2003). Bullying and organizational politics in competitive and rapidly changing work environments. Int. J. Mgt. Dec. Mak., 4(1), 35-46.
Sandmark, H. (2009). Job mismatching, unequal opportunities and long-term sickness absence in female white-collar workers in Sweden. Scand. J. Pub. Health, 37, 43-49.
Sheehan, M. (2006). The fight at eureka stockade: Down with the tyrant an’ bully. A Paper Presented at the Inaugural Professorial Lecture, Glasmorgan Business School.
Sheehan, M., & Jordan, P. (2000). The antecedents and implications of workplace bullying: A bounded emotionality analysis. Paper Presented at the AGRH Congress. Paris 16th – 17th November.
Spector, P.E. (1978). Organizational frustration: A model and review of literature. Pers. Psychol., 31, 815-829.
Tehrani, N. (2004). Bullying: A source of chronic post-traumatic stress? Brit. J. of Guid & Couns., 32(3), 357-366.
Thirlwall, A. (2015). Organizational sequestering of workplace bullying: Adding insult to injury. Journal of Management & Organization, 21(2), 145 – 158.
Thomas, M. (2005). Bullying among support staff in a higher education institution health education. Health Educ. 105(4), 273-277.
Thompson, P., & McHugh, D. (2002). Work organizations: A critical introduction. London: palgrave.
Turney, L. (2003). Mental health and workplace bullying: The role of power, professions and on the job training. Aus. J. Adv. Ment. Health. 2(2), 1-10.
Vartia, M. (1996). The sources of bullying-psychological work environment and organizational climate. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol., 5(2), 203-214.
Vartia, M. (2001). Consequences of workplace bullying with respect to well-being of its targets and the observers of bullying. Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health. 27, 63-69.
Vartia, M. (2003). Workplace bullying: A study on the work environment, well-being and health. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Helsinki University.
Vega, G., & Comer, D.R. (2005). Sticks and stones may break bones, but words can break your spirit: Bullying in workplace. J. Bus. Ethics. 58, 101-109.
Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, C.B. (1991). U.S. businesses suffers from workplace trauma. Pers. J., 5, 47-50.
Winter, G. (1999). The power motive in women and men. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 54, 510-519.
Yukl, G. (1989). Leadership in organization. Englewood Cliff: N.J. Prentice Hall.
Zapf, D., & Einarsen, S. (2003). Individual antecedents of bullying: Victims and perpetrators. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (eds.). Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. London: Taylor and Francis, 165-184.
Zapf, D., & Einarsen, S. (2005). Mobbing at work: escalated conflicts in organizations. In S. Fox & P.E. Spector (eds.). Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets. American Psychological Association. Washington, DC., 237-270.
References
Agervold, M. (2007). Bullying at work: A discussion of definitions and prevalence based on empirical study. Scand. J. Psychol., 48, 161-172.
Agervold, M., & Mikkelsen, E.G. (2004). Relationships between bullying, psychological work environment and individual stress reactions. Work Stress, 18(4), 336-351.
Aquino, K., & Thau, S. (2009). Workplace victimization: Aggression from the target’s perspective. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 60, 717-741.
Ayoko, O.B., Callan, V.J., & Hartel, C.E. (2003). Workplace conflict, bullying and counterproductive behaviours. Int. J. Organ. Anal., 11(4), 283-301.
Baron, R.A., & Neuman, J.H. (1996). Workplace violence and workplace aggression: Evidence on their relative frequency and potential causes. Aggress. Behav. 22, 161-173.
Bowling, N.A., & Beehr, T.A. (2006). Workplace harassment from the victims perspective: A theoretical model and metal-analysis. J. Appl. Psychol., 91(5), 998-1012.
Branch, S. (2013). Contributing factors to workplace bullying, mobbing and general harassment: A review. Int. J. Manage Rev. 15, 290-299.
Cooper, C.L., Dewe, P.J., & O’Driscoll, M.P. (2001). Organizational stress: A review and critique of theory, research and applications. California: Sage Publications.
Coyne, I., Seigne, E., & Randall, P. (2000). Predicting workplace victim status from personality. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol., 9(3), 335-349.
Dahl, A.A., Eitinger, L., Malt, U.F., & Retterstol, N. (1994). Textbook in psychiatry. London: Oslo University Press.
Einarsen, S., & Skogstad, A. (1996). Bullying at work: Epidemiological findings in public and private organizations. Eur. J. Work Organ.
Einarsen, S., & Raknes, B.I. (1997). Harassment in the workplace and the victimization of men. Violence Victims, 12(3), 247-263.
Einarsen, S. (1999). The nature and causes of bullying at work. Int. J. Manpower, 20(1-2), 16-28.
Einarsen, S. (2000a). Harassment and bullying at work: A review of the scandinavian approach. aggress. Violent Behav., 5(4), 379-401.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D. & Cooper, C. (2003). The concept of bullying at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (eds.) Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. Dev. Theory Res. Pract. pp. 1-30.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D. & Cooper, C. (2011). The concept of bullying and harassment at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (eds.). Bullying and harassment in the workplace. Dev. Theory Res. Pract., pp. 3-40.
Escartin, J., Ullrich, J., Zapf, D., Schluter, E., & Dick, R.V. (2013). Individual and group level effects of social identification on workplace bullying. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(2), 182 – 193.
Feijo, F.R., Graf, D.D., Pearce, N., & Fassa, A.G. (2019). Risk factors for workplace bullying: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1 – 25.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punishment: The birth of the prison. Harmondsworth: Penguin Book Ltd.
Fox, S., & Spector, P.E. (1999). A model of work frustration – aggression. J. Organ Behav., 20, 915-931.
French, J., & Raven, B. (1959). The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright (ed.). Studies in social power. Michigan: University of Michigan, pp. 150-167.
Hackman, J.R., & Oldham, G.R. (1980). Work redesign addison. London: Wesley Reading.
Hallberg, L.R., & Strandmark, K.M. (2006). Health consequences of workplace Bullying: Experiences from the perspective of employees in the public service sector. Int. J. Qual. Stud. Health Wellbeing, 1, 109-119.
Haq, M.R., Zai-ud-Din, M., & Rajvi, S. (2018). The impact of workplace bullying on employee cynicism with mediating role of psychological contract. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 8(8), 127 – 137.
Hoel, H. (2006). The limits of regulations: Assessing the effectiveness of the Swedish regulations against workplace bullying. Paper Presented at the Fifth International Conference on Workplace Bullying. Workplace Bullying – The Way Forward.
Howard, J., Blumstein, P., & Schwartz, P. (1989). Sex, power and influence tactics in intimate relationships. J. Pers. Soc. Psy., 15, 102-109.
Jehn, K.A. (1995). A multi-method examination of the benefits and detriments of intra-group conflict. Adm. Sci. Q., 40(2), 256-284.
Jex, S.M. (2002). Organizational psychology: A scientist-practitioner approach. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Katrinli, A., Atabay, G., Cangarli, B.G., & Gunay, G. (2010). Perceived effectiveness of bullying behaviour as organizational political tactics. Paper Presented at the 23rd Annual International Association of Conflict Management Conference Bosten, Massachusetts.
Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D., & Anderson, C. (2003). Power, approach and inhibition. Psy. Rev., 110, 265-284.
Kemper, T. (1991). Predicting emotions from social relations. Soc. Psychol. Q., 54, 330-342.
Large, A.H., Taris, T.W., Kompier, M.A., Houtman, I.D., & Bongers, P.M. (2005). Different mechanisms to explain the reversed effects of mental health on work characteristics. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 31(1), 3-14.
Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
Lewis, D. (2002). The social construction of workplace bullying: A sociological study with special reference to further and higher education. Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Wales.
Lewis, D., & Gunn, R. (2007). Workplace bullying in the public sector: Understanding the racial dimension. Pub. Adm. 85(3), 641-665.
Leymann, H. (1990). Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Vio. Vic., 5, 199-226.
Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of bullying at work. Eur. J. Work. Organ. Psychol., 5(2), 165-184.
Leymann, H., & Gustafsson, A. (1996). Mobbing at work and the development of post-traumatic stress disorders. Eur. J. Work. Organ. Psychol., 5(2), 251-275.
Logan, T.R., & Malone, D.M. (2018). Nurses’ perceptions of teamwork and workplace bullying. Journal of Nursing Management, 26(4), 63 – 77.
Matthiesen, S., & Einarsen, S. (2001). MMP1-2-configurations among victims of bullying at work. Eur. J. Work. Organ. Psychol., 10, 467-484.
Matthiesen, S., & Einarsen, S. (2007). Perpetrators and targets of bullying at work: Role stress and individual differences. Vio. Vic., 22, 735-753.
Mechanic, D. (2003). Sources of power of lowe participants in complex organizations. In: L. Porter, H. Angle and R. Allen (eds.). Organizational influence processes. London: M.E. Sharpe.
Mikkelsen, E.G., & Einarsen, S. (2002). Basic assumptions and post-traumatic stress among victims of workplace bullying. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol., 11(1), 87-111.
Moskowitz, D.S. (1994). Cross-situational generality and the interpersonal circumplex. J. Per. Soc. Psychol., 66, 921-933.
Moskowitz, D.S. (2004). Does elevated power lead to approach and reduced power to inhibition? Psychol. Rev., 111, 808-811.
Namie, G. (2003). Workplace bullying: Escalated incivility. Ivey. Bus. J.,3, 1-6.
Nel, E.C. (2019). The impact of workplace bullying on flourishing: The moderating role of emotional intelligence. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 45, 236 – 245.
Nieson, M.B., Indregard, A.R., & Overland, S. (2016). Workplace bullying and sickness absence: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the research literature. Scand J. Work Environ Health, 42(5), 359 – 370.
Owen, T., & Powell, J. (2006). Trust, professional power and social theory: Lessons from a post foucauldian framework. Int. J. Soc. Pol., 26(3), 110-120.
Owoyemi, O.A. (2010). From school yard to work yard – workplace bullying: An undiagnosed social problem in workplaces in Nigeria. Nigeria: University of Lagos.
Owoyemi, O.A., & Seyi, S. (2010). Power misuse: An antecedent for unethical behaviour at work with reference to workplace bullying and harassment. Hum. Res. Mgt. J., 2(2), 65-83.
Palmer, I., & Hardy, C. (2002). Thinking about management: Implications of organizational debates for practice. London: Sage Publications.
Porter, L., Allen, R., & Angle, H. (2003). The politics of upward influence in organizations. In: L. Porter, H., Angle, H. & Allen, R. (eds.). Organizational influence processe. London: M.E. Sharpe.
Quine, L. (1999). Workplace bullying in NHS community trust: Staff questionnaire survey. Bri. Med. J., 318, 228-232.
Rayner, C., & Hoel, H. (1997). Summary review of literature relating to workplace bullying. J. Commun. Appl. Soc. Psychol., 7, 181-191.
Razzaghian, M., & Shah, A. (2011). Prevalence, antecedents and effects of workplace bullying: A review. Afr. J. Bus. Mgt., 5(35), 13419-13427.
Rose, M. (1988). Industrial behaviour: research and control, penguin business. London: M.E. Sharpe.
Salin, D. (2003). Bullying and organizational politics in competitive and rapidly changing work environments. Int. J. Mgt. Dec. Mak., 4(1), 35-46.
Sandmark, H. (2009). Job mismatching, unequal opportunities and long-term sickness absence in female white-collar workers in Sweden. Scand. J. Pub. Health, 37, 43-49.
Sheehan, M. (2006). The fight at eureka stockade: Down with the tyrant an’ bully. A Paper Presented at the Inaugural Professorial Lecture, Glasmorgan Business School.
Sheehan, M., & Jordan, P. (2000). The antecedents and implications of workplace bullying: A bounded emotionality analysis. Paper Presented at the AGRH Congress. Paris 16th – 17th November.
Spector, P.E. (1978). Organizational frustration: A model and review of literature. Pers. Psychol., 31, 815-829.
Tehrani, N. (2004). Bullying: A source of chronic post-traumatic stress? Brit. J. of Guid & Couns., 32(3), 357-366.
Thirlwall, A. (2015). Organizational sequestering of workplace bullying: Adding insult to injury. Journal of Management & Organization, 21(2), 145 – 158.
Thomas, M. (2005). Bullying among support staff in a higher education institution health education. Health Educ. 105(4), 273-277.
Thompson, P., & McHugh, D. (2002). Work organizations: A critical introduction. London: palgrave.
Turney, L. (2003). Mental health and workplace bullying: The role of power, professions and on the job training. Aus. J. Adv. Ment. Health. 2(2), 1-10.
Vartia, M. (1996). The sources of bullying-psychological work environment and organizational climate. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol., 5(2), 203-214.
Vartia, M. (2001). Consequences of workplace bullying with respect to well-being of its targets and the observers of bullying. Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health. 27, 63-69.
Vartia, M. (2003). Workplace bullying: A study on the work environment, well-being and health. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Helsinki University.
Vega, G., & Comer, D.R. (2005). Sticks and stones may break bones, but words can break your spirit: Bullying in workplace. J. Bus. Ethics. 58, 101-109.
Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, C.B. (1991). U.S. businesses suffers from workplace trauma. Pers. J., 5, 47-50.
Winter, G. (1999). The power motive in women and men. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 54, 510-519.
Yukl, G. (1989). Leadership in organization. Englewood Cliff: N.J. Prentice Hall.
Zapf, D., & Einarsen, S. (2003). Individual antecedents of bullying: Victims and perpetrators. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (eds.). Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. London: Taylor and Francis, 165-184.
Zapf, D., & Einarsen, S. (2005). Mobbing at work: escalated conflicts in organizations. In S. Fox & P.E. Spector (eds.). Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets. American Psychological Association. Washington, DC., 237-270.
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Einarsen, S. (1999). The nature and causes of bullying at work. Int. J. Manpower, 20(1-2), 16-28.
Einarsen, S. (2000a). Harassment and bullying at work: A review of the scandinavian approach. aggress. Violent Behav., 5(4), 379-401.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D. & Cooper, C. (2003). The concept of bullying at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (eds.) Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. Dev. Theory Res. Pract. pp. 1-30.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D. & Cooper, C. (2011). The concept of bullying and harassment at work: The European tradition. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (eds.). Bullying and harassment in the workplace. Dev. Theory Res. Pract., pp. 3-40.
Escartin, J., Ullrich, J., Zapf, D., Schluter, E., & Dick, R.V. (2013). Individual and group level effects of social identification on workplace bullying. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(2), 182 – 193.
Feijo, F.R., Graf, D.D., Pearce, N., & Fassa, A.G. (2019). Risk factors for workplace bullying: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1 – 25.
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punishment: The birth of the prison. Harmondsworth: Penguin Book Ltd.
Fox, S., & Spector, P.E. (1999). A model of work frustration – aggression. J. Organ Behav., 20, 915-931.
French, J., & Raven, B. (1959). The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright (ed.). Studies in social power. Michigan: University of Michigan, pp. 150-167.
Hackman, J.R., & Oldham, G.R. (1980). Work redesign addison. London: Wesley Reading.
Hallberg, L.R., & Strandmark, K.M. (2006). Health consequences of workplace Bullying: Experiences from the perspective of employees in the public service sector. Int. J. Qual. Stud. Health Wellbeing, 1, 109-119.
Haq, M.R., Zai-ud-Din, M., & Rajvi, S. (2018). The impact of workplace bullying on employee cynicism with mediating role of psychological contract. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 8(8), 127 – 137.
Hoel, H. (2006). The limits of regulations: Assessing the effectiveness of the Swedish regulations against workplace bullying. Paper Presented at the Fifth International Conference on Workplace Bullying. Workplace Bullying – The Way Forward.
Howard, J., Blumstein, P., & Schwartz, P. (1989). Sex, power and influence tactics in intimate relationships. J. Pers. Soc. Psy., 15, 102-109.
Jehn, K.A. (1995). A multi-method examination of the benefits and detriments of intra-group conflict. Adm. Sci. Q., 40(2), 256-284.
Jex, S.M. (2002). Organizational psychology: A scientist-practitioner approach. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Katrinli, A., Atabay, G., Cangarli, B.G., & Gunay, G. (2010). Perceived effectiveness of bullying behaviour as organizational political tactics. Paper Presented at the 23rd Annual International Association of Conflict Management Conference Bosten, Massachusetts.
Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D., & Anderson, C. (2003). Power, approach and inhibition. Psy. Rev., 110, 265-284.
Kemper, T. (1991). Predicting emotions from social relations. Soc. Psychol. Q., 54, 330-342.
Large, A.H., Taris, T.W., Kompier, M.A., Houtman, I.D., & Bongers, P.M. (2005). Different mechanisms to explain the reversed effects of mental health on work characteristics. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health, 31(1), 3-14.
Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer.
Lewis, D. (2002). The social construction of workplace bullying: A sociological study with special reference to further and higher education. Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Wales.
Lewis, D., & Gunn, R. (2007). Workplace bullying in the public sector: Understanding the racial dimension. Pub. Adm. 85(3), 641-665.
Leymann, H. (1990). Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Vio. Vic., 5, 199-226.
Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of bullying at work. Eur. J. Work. Organ. Psychol., 5(2), 165-184.
Leymann, H., & Gustafsson, A. (1996). Mobbing at work and the development of post-traumatic stress disorders. Eur. J. Work. Organ. Psychol., 5(2), 251-275.
Logan, T.R., & Malone, D.M. (2018). Nurses’ perceptions of teamwork and workplace bullying. Journal of Nursing Management, 26(4), 63 – 77.
Matthiesen, S., & Einarsen, S. (2001). MMP1-2-configurations among victims of bullying at work. Eur. J. Work. Organ. Psychol., 10, 467-484.
Matthiesen, S., & Einarsen, S. (2007). Perpetrators and targets of bullying at work: Role stress and individual differences. Vio. Vic., 22, 735-753.
Mechanic, D. (2003). Sources of power of lowe participants in complex organizations. In: L. Porter, H. Angle and R. Allen (eds.). Organizational influence processes. London: M.E. Sharpe.
Mikkelsen, E.G., & Einarsen, S. (2002). Basic assumptions and post-traumatic stress among victims of workplace bullying. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol., 11(1), 87-111.
Moskowitz, D.S. (1994). Cross-situational generality and the interpersonal circumplex. J. Per. Soc. Psychol., 66, 921-933.
Moskowitz, D.S. (2004). Does elevated power lead to approach and reduced power to inhibition? Psychol. Rev., 111, 808-811.
Namie, G. (2003). Workplace bullying: Escalated incivility. Ivey. Bus. J.,3, 1-6.
Nel, E.C. (2019). The impact of workplace bullying on flourishing: The moderating role of emotional intelligence. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 45, 236 – 245.
Nieson, M.B., Indregard, A.R., & Overland, S. (2016). Workplace bullying and sickness absence: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the research literature. Scand J. Work Environ Health, 42(5), 359 – 370.
Owen, T., & Powell, J. (2006). Trust, professional power and social theory: Lessons from a post foucauldian framework. Int. J. Soc. Pol., 26(3), 110-120.
Owoyemi, O.A. (2010). From school yard to work yard – workplace bullying: An undiagnosed social problem in workplaces in Nigeria. Nigeria: University of Lagos.
Owoyemi, O.A., & Seyi, S. (2010). Power misuse: An antecedent for unethical behaviour at work with reference to workplace bullying and harassment. Hum. Res. Mgt. J., 2(2), 65-83.
Palmer, I., & Hardy, C. (2002). Thinking about management: Implications of organizational debates for practice. London: Sage Publications.
Porter, L., Allen, R., & Angle, H. (2003). The politics of upward influence in organizations. In: L. Porter, H., Angle, H. & Allen, R. (eds.). Organizational influence processe. London: M.E. Sharpe.
Quine, L. (1999). Workplace bullying in NHS community trust: Staff questionnaire survey. Bri. Med. J., 318, 228-232.
Rayner, C., & Hoel, H. (1997). Summary review of literature relating to workplace bullying. J. Commun. Appl. Soc. Psychol., 7, 181-191.
Razzaghian, M., & Shah, A. (2011). Prevalence, antecedents and effects of workplace bullying: A review. Afr. J. Bus. Mgt., 5(35), 13419-13427.
Rose, M. (1988). Industrial behaviour: research and control, penguin business. London: M.E. Sharpe.
Salin, D. (2003). Bullying and organizational politics in competitive and rapidly changing work environments. Int. J. Mgt. Dec. Mak., 4(1), 35-46.
Sandmark, H. (2009). Job mismatching, unequal opportunities and long-term sickness absence in female white-collar workers in Sweden. Scand. J. Pub. Health, 37, 43-49.
Sheehan, M. (2006). The fight at eureka stockade: Down with the tyrant an’ bully. A Paper Presented at the Inaugural Professorial Lecture, Glasmorgan Business School.
Sheehan, M., & Jordan, P. (2000). The antecedents and implications of workplace bullying: A bounded emotionality analysis. Paper Presented at the AGRH Congress. Paris 16th – 17th November.
Spector, P.E. (1978). Organizational frustration: A model and review of literature. Pers. Psychol., 31, 815-829.
Tehrani, N. (2004). Bullying: A source of chronic post-traumatic stress? Brit. J. of Guid & Couns., 32(3), 357-366.
Thirlwall, A. (2015). Organizational sequestering of workplace bullying: Adding insult to injury. Journal of Management & Organization, 21(2), 145 – 158.
Thomas, M. (2005). Bullying among support staff in a higher education institution health education. Health Educ. 105(4), 273-277.
Thompson, P., & McHugh, D. (2002). Work organizations: A critical introduction. London: palgrave.
Turney, L. (2003). Mental health and workplace bullying: The role of power, professions and on the job training. Aus. J. Adv. Ment. Health. 2(2), 1-10.
Vartia, M. (1996). The sources of bullying-psychological work environment and organizational climate. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol., 5(2), 203-214.
Vartia, M. (2001). Consequences of workplace bullying with respect to well-being of its targets and the observers of bullying. Scand. J. Work. Environ. Health. 27, 63-69.
Vartia, M. (2003). Workplace bullying: A study on the work environment, well-being and health. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Helsinki University.
Vega, G., & Comer, D.R. (2005). Sticks and stones may break bones, but words can break your spirit: Bullying in workplace. J. Bus. Ethics. 58, 101-109.
Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wilson, C.B. (1991). U.S. businesses suffers from workplace trauma. Pers. J., 5, 47-50.
Winter, G. (1999). The power motive in women and men. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., 54, 510-519.
Yukl, G. (1989). Leadership in organization. Englewood Cliff: N.J. Prentice Hall.
Zapf, D., & Einarsen, S. (2003). Individual antecedents of bullying: Victims and perpetrators. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. Cooper (eds.). Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace. London: Taylor and Francis, 165-184.
Zapf, D., & Einarsen, S. (2005). Mobbing at work: escalated conflicts in organizations. In S. Fox & P.E. Spector (eds.). Counterproductive work behavior: Investigations of actors and targets. American Psychological Association. Washington, DC., 237-270.
